Asvab score chart navy - High school seniors or graduates must have a minimum 31 overall ASVAB score, and GED holders must have a minimum of 50 overall ASVAB score. Officers are not required to take the ASVAB test ...

 
The U.S. military officially started to use the ASVAB test in 1976. The current AFQT score is the most meaningful ASVAB score for you. The Armed Services Qualification Test (AFQT) is a percentile score based on the study of 1997, where the Department of Defense conducted the ASVAB test in which 12000 people took part.. Taco jalisco authentic mexican restaurant jalisco style

A combination of technical and analytical computer network skills provides solutions to produce Cyber capabilities and non-kinetic effects in support of operational commanders and national intelligence requirements. Initial training is located in Pensacola, Florida. CWTs are assigned to computer networking system departments and divisions. Composite scores computed from ASVAB subtest scores are used to help classify new recruits into military occupations. Each Service develops and validates its own set of composites based on the combination of subtests that are most highly correlated with on-the-job performance for clusters of occupations. Applicants’ scores on these composites ...No, there is only one exam, the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery, or ASVAB for short. The ASVAB has 10 tests. Your scores from four of the tests—Word Knowledge (WK), Paragraph Comprehension (PC), Arithmetic Reasoning (AR), and Mathematics Knowledge (MK)—are combined to compute your score on what is referred to as the Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT). The Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery is the most widely used multiple-aptitude test battery in the world. The ASVAB measures your strengths, weaknesses and potential for future success ... AFQT results are returned as percentiles from 1-99. A score of a 50 would mean you were in the 50th percentile or have an average score. The Navy requires an AFQT score of at least 35. Men who succeed at BUD/S traditionally have AFQT scores of 78 or better. What if my ASVAB score isn’t high enough? The U.S. military officially started to use the ASVAB test in 1976. The current AFQT score is the most critical ASVAB score for you. The Armed Services Qualification Test (AFQT) is a percentile score based on the study of 1997, where the Department of Defense conducted the ASVAB test in which 12000 people took part.The AFQT score is the most important ASVAB score, because it determines if you can enlist in the U.S. Army. However, the U.S. Army also converts the ASVAB test scores into 10 other composite score areas known as "line scores" that determine what MOS an individual may qualify for. Listed below are the parts of the ASVAB that affect your AFQT ...Jan 6, 2024 ... Minimum Qualifying ASVAB Scores for US Army, Navy, and Airforce ; MOS (JOB Title) · 11B (Infantry), 31, General Technical (GT): 90 ; NEC (Job Title) ...The U.S. military officially started to use the ASVAB test in 1976. The current AFQT score is the most meaningful ASVAB score for you. The Armed Services Qualification Test (AFQT) is a percentile score based on the study of 1997, where the Department of Defense conducted the ASVAB test in which 12000 people took part.The Navy requires an ASVAB score of at least 31 to enlist, but if your highest level of education is a high school diploma or GED, the requirement is 50 or higher. In these cases, you might also submit at least three references from members of your community and no prior instances of criminal activity in place of a college degree.Nov 18, 2023 · Navy – The ASVAB line scores for the Navy are 35+ and 50+. You will also need to pass several subtest specialities. Coast Guard – The minimum ASVAB score is 36 or 47 for those with a GED. National Guard – To qualify for the National Guard, you need a score of 31+ (for high school seniors and graduates), or 50+ (for those with a GED). Right now is a terrific time to buy jeans—partly because jeans haven't exactly been hot sellers lately. By clicking "TRY IT", I agree to receive newsletters and promotions from Mon...NAPT minimum passing score is 55. All candidates for ratings in the nuclear field program must meet test score criteria and other criteria set forth in COMNAVCRUITCOMINST 1130.8K (Navy Recruiting Manual - Enlisted series). All candidates must be a high school diploma graduate and have passed at least one year of algebra.Army: Requires a minimum score of 31. Marines: Set their bar at 32. Navy: You’d need at least a 35. Air Force: The threshold is slightly higher at 36. Coast Guard: The highest of the lot, demanding a score of 40. Given these standards, a 17 ASVAB Score unfortunately doesn’t meet the minimum criteria for any branch.To turn your military dreams into reality you need to achieve at least the following minimum ASVAB score for each branch of military: Air Force – 36. Army – 31. Coast Guard – 50. Navy – 35. Marine Corps – 32. According to the latest figures from The Education Trust, 77% of enlistees between the ages of 17 and 20 years passed the ASVAB ...The Air Force utilizes a combination of the ASVAB subtests, referred to as Mechanical, Administrative, General Aptitude and Electronics (MAGE), to determine what career fields you are most qualified for in the Air Force. The scores are represented as a percentage between 1 and 99 but are not based on the number of questions you answered correctly.May 27, 2019 ... Is my ASVAB score good? 46K views · 4 years ago ...more. Review of ASVAB IQ by Fernando Cardona. 3.74K. Subscribe.Understanding and preparing for the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery ( ASVAB) is crucial for anyone looking to pursue a career in the U.S. military. This test, with its distinctive ten areas including arithmetic reasoning, word knowledge and mechanical comprehension, plays a critical role not only in achieving enlistment but also in ...Career Exploration Scores: This provides insight into your strengths in verbal, math, and science/technical subjects. ASVAB Subtest Scores: These are the scores for the individual subtests you’ve taken. Military Entrance Score (AFQT): This is crucial for those interested in the military as it determines your enlistment eligibility.Your dreams of making a successful journey into a military career hinge, at least partially, on understanding the ASVAB.The Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery, or ASVAB, not only marks the threshold to your military career but also profoundly influences your vocational placements within the military; hence, it is crucial to discern …Your dreams of making a successful journey into a military career hinge, at least partially, on understanding the ASVAB.The Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery, or ASVAB, not only marks the threshold to your military career but also profoundly influences your vocational placements within the military; hence, it is crucial to discern …The Standard Score (in the far right column of the ASR above) is also called the ASVAB Composite Score. These scores are relative to the national average of young adults who took the test in your grade level. With ASVAB Standard scores, most students score between 30 and 70. This means that a standard score of 50 is an average ASVAB …The minimum ASVAB score needed to qualify for the Air Force is 31 (or 50 for GED holders). However, earning a score of 31 does not guarantee that a candidate will be accepted to the Air Force.The following ASVAB score chart shows the different score ranges and categories you ... has the highest (40). If you have a GED, you must have an AFQT score of at least 50 in order to join any branch of the military. Tips for Getting Great ASVAB Scores. Prioritize Your AFQT Score The AFQT score is a combination of your scores …Are you preparing for the ASVAB test and looking for a comprehensive study guide to help boost your scores? Look no further. In this article, we will introduce you to an effective ...Here is the formula for AFQT score calculation: AFQT = Arithmetic Reasoning (AR) + Math Knowledge (MK) + Verbal Composite (VE) x 2. Verbal Composite (VE) = Word Knowledge (WK) + Paragraph Comprehension (PC) Step by Step Guide on How to Calculate Your AFQT score. First of all, you need to finish the WK and PC tests.The minimum score for GED holders is slightly higher. Recruits with higher ASVAB scores will be allowed to enlist in higher ranking roles. A 2024 good ASVAB score is one that is higher than or equal to the minimum AFQT score required. Creating a study schedule can help you to prepare for the ASVAB test.Your AFQT score specifically determines if you are eligible for enlistment in the military. Each branch of the military has a different minimum AFQT score requirement, listed below: Air Force – 36. Army – 31. Minimum score of 50 to qualify for certain enlistment incentives. Marine Corps – 32. Navy – 35.Navy Composite Scores. The Navy does not use line scores. They utilize the actual scores from the ASVAB subtests grouped into 10 different Ratings categories to …Battery (ASVAB) test, and is used to qualify current enlisted military personnel (Active or Reserve Component) for reclassification. Navy personnel may improve their qualifications for a rating conversion or other desired career options by improving their scores via AFCT retest. b. Navy personnel may retest periodically using the AFCT,Enter Your ASVAB Scores; If you were not given an AFQT, you can leave it blank, it will be calculated for you; AO and VE can be left blank, AO will be zero and VE will be calculated for youThe ASFAB is not scored like a regular test, where you receive a score based on the percentage of correct answers. In the ASVAB, the average score is always set, or normalized, to 50 on a scale of 1 to 100, and the standard deviation is 10. That means that close to two-thirds of the test-takers fall between the 40 and 60 percentiles, …The following ASVAB score chart shows the different score ranges and categories you ... has the highest (40). If you have a GED, you must have an AFQT score of at least 50 in order to join any branch of the military. Tips for Getting Great ASVAB Scores. Prioritize Your AFQT Score The AFQT score is a combination of your scores …We all know late loan payments can cause our credit score to drop. How much it can drop is a little less obvious. This simple chart gives you a general idea of how much late mortga...For example, a score of 75 means your score is better than 75% of recruits who took the test. Each military branch has a minimal AFQT score required for enlisting. The following is the basic PiCAT score chart. Note that the minimum score guidelines consider your previous education as well:825G, 826G, and 838A. Sailors must also have a qualifying ASVAB score (AR+MK+EI+GS≥222 or AR+MK+VE+ME≥222 or AR+MK+VE+AO≥222). Priority will be given to Sailors who currently, or have previously, worked in a converted RW billet. You must have one of the NECs listed on the Robotics Community Management page to be … In the case of the ASVAB subtests, the mean is set to 50 and the standard deviation is set to 10. Thus, a Standard Score of 40 indicates that the examinee scored 1 standard deviation below the mean. A Standard Score of 70 indicates that the examinee scored 2 standard deviations above the mean. To learn more about how standard scores are derived ... Cribbage is a classic card game that has been enjoyed by players for centuries. One of the most important aspects of the game is keeping track of scores, which is facilitated by th...The ASVAB raw score is calculated by adding the word knowledge score twice, the paragraph comprehension score twice, the arithmetic reasoning score and the mathematics knowledge sc...What are Navy ASVAB requirements? The minimum AFQT score needed to enlist in the Navy is 35. AFQT scores are based on results from the ASVAB's Arithmetic Reasoning (AR), Mathematical Knowledge (MK ...The world’s supply of petroleum is finite. The US Navy, which runs on it, is not. Eventually, keeping its fleet afloat for generations to come may depend on another fuel—the kind t...To turn your military dreams into reality you need to achieve at least the following minimum ASVAB score for each branch of military: Air Force – 36. Army – 31. Coast Guard – 50. Navy – 35. Marine Corps – 32. According to the latest figures from The Education Trust, 77% of enlistees between the ages of 17 and 20 years passed the ASVAB ...The U.S. military officially started to use the ASVAB test in 1976. The current AFQT score is the most meaningful ASVAB score for you. The Armed Services Qualification Test (AFQT) is a percentile score based on the study of 1997, where the Department of Defense conducted the ASVAB test in which 12000 people took part.To learn more about how we store and use this data, visit our privacy policy here . Joining the Navy? Peterson's Navy ASVAB test prep includes study guides & practice tests. Explore scores & requirements for Navy jobs.The ASVAB composite score is calculated by combining the scores from four of the subtests: arithmetic reasoning, mathematics knowledge, paragraph comprehension, and word knowledge. Each of these subtests is scored on a scale of 0-100, with 50 being the average score. To calculate your ASVAB composite score, the scores from these four …The ASVAB, with a maximum score of 99, requires a minimum score of 31 for Army enlistment. Each Army job is associated with a Military Occupational Specialty (MOS), with each having their own ...Updated November 20, 2023. Written by Konica Stones. ASVAB Practice Test. Start Practicing. To be considered for any role within the Navy, individuals must attain a minimum score on the AFQT section of the Navy ASVAB. Minimum Navy ASVAB scores are dependent on the education level of an individual: ASVAB Practice with JobTestPrep.SH – Ship’s Serviceman. SO - Special Operator. STG – Sonar Technician – Surface. SW – Steelworker. UT – Utilitiesman. YN – Yeoman. YN – Yeoman (Submarine) Navy composite scores and job listing. View the jobs you qualify for and Navy composite scores.The upgraded card now earns 3x points in a rather generous travel and entertainment category and 2x points on all other purchases. Navy Federal Credit Union has announced a compreh...Jun 3, 2023 · ASVAB Scores For All 150+ Army Jobs. There is basically a Military Occupation Specialty (MOS) for everyone considering the Army as it currently offers over 150 specialties. The Army uses the nine sub-test categories to create line categories relevant to the type of MOS. For each category of jobs, you’ll combine various components. ASVAB Scores Needed for Navy Jobs. ASVAB score requirements for Navy enlisted jobs are: Rating (Job) ASVAB Scores Required. ABE – Aviation Boatswain’s Mate – Equipment. VE+AR+MK+AS=184. ABF ...Here’s the deal. Your ASVAB score chart is important, but it’s not the be-all or end-all. It opens doors, sure—but passion, determination, and effort matter, too. The military looks for commitment and drive, not just numbers on a chart. Beyond the ASVAB Score Chart. And hey, maybe after all this, you decide the military isn’t for you. The Standard Score (in the far right column of the ASR above) is also called the ASVAB Composite Score. These scores are relative to the national average of young adults who took the test in your grade level. With ASVAB Standard scores, most students score between 30 and 70. This means that a standard score of 50 is an average ASVAB score, and ... Conclusion. Understanding the ASVAB score percentile chart is crucial for military enlistment and career planning. Examining your percentile ranking provides insight into where you stand compared to other test-takers. Armed with this information, individuals can pursue specific career paths based on their AFQT scores and percentiles. 65. Candidates with a high school diploma typically have lower minimum score requirements compared to GED holders. The Army offers the lowest entry threshold with a minimum ASVAB score of 31 for high school graduates. Contrastingly, the Air Force and Space Force have the highest required scores for GED holders at 65.To learn more about how we store and use this data, visit our privacy policy here . Joining the Navy? Peterson's Navy ASVAB test prep includes study guides & practice tests. Explore scores & requirements for Navy jobs.Keep in mind that the ASVAB Test Score we have included here is the minimum aggregate score you need to get if you choose to pursue a career in any of these Navy jobs. Enter Your ASVAB Test Score To See Navy Jobs You Qualify For. 1. Aerographer’s Mate (AG) An Aerographer’s Mate at work. Image: wikimedia.org.ASVAB scores are percentile based. This means you, with a 76 scored higher than 76% of the people who took the exam. Someone with a 50 means half the people scored higher …NAPT minimum passing score is 55. All candidates for ratings in the nuclear field program must meet test score criteria and other criteria set forth in COMNAVCRUITCOMINST 1130.8K (Navy Recruiting Manual - Enlisted series). All candidates must be a high school diploma graduate and have passed at least one year of algebra.65. Candidates with a high school diploma typically have lower minimum score requirements compared to GED holders. The Army offers the lowest entry threshold with a minimum ASVAB score of 31 for high school graduates. Contrastingly, the Air Force and Space Force have the highest required scores for GED holders at 65.The U.S. military officially started to use the ASVAB test in 1976. The current AFQT score is the most meaningful ASVAB score for you. The Armed Services Qualification Test (AFQT) is a percentile score based on the study of 1997, where the Department of Defense conducted the ASVAB test in which 12000 people took part.Begin with part one of our Navy ASVAB sample test below: Get ready for your career with the Navy by taking our Navy ASVAB practice tests. Complete part 1 then take the rest of our 10 sections. The minimum score requirement to be enlisted as an active duty member of the Navy or the Navy Reserve for non-prior service applicants is 35.Cribbage is a classic card game that has been enjoyed by players around the world for centuries. It combines elements of strategy, skill, and luck to create an engaging and competi...Emphasized topics are: military weapons and tactics, diver refresher, physical fitness, and specialized training to meet the requirements of a particular project. Professional development is also enhanced through various training commands. ... For ASVAB 5,6,7 use WK score (*) for ASVAB 8,9,10 use VE score. 36 months minimum obligated service as ...Here is the formula for AFQT score calculation: AFQT = Arithmetic Reasoning (AR) + Math Knowledge (MK) + Verbal Composite (VE) x 2. Verbal Composite (VE) = Word Knowledge (WK) + Paragraph Comprehension (PC) Step by Step Guide on How to Calculate Your AFQT score. First of all, you need to finish the WK and PC tests.The official Department of the Navy website provides separate rank structure charts for enlisted personnel and commissioned and warrant officers, and the charts include the pay gra...Special Forces: Scores above 110 in the General Technical section are usually required. Army Pilot: A score above 90 in the Flight Aptitude Selection Test is mandatory. Technical & Engineering Roles: These also require high scores in the Mechanical Maintenance and General Technical sections.Right now is a terrific time to buy jeans—partly because jeans haven't exactly been hot sellers lately. By clicking "TRY IT", I agree to receive newsletters and promotions from Mon...To join the Navy, you must: Be between the ages of 17 and 41 for Enlisted programs. Age requirements for Officer programs vary.*. *The age requirements for joining the Navy depend on the path you take, and they exist mainly to ensure you’re able to succeed in a challenging environment. If you are not yet 18, you need parental consent to join.To learn more about how we store and use this data, visit our privacy policy here . Joining the Navy? Peterson's Navy ASVAB test prep includes study guides & practice tests. Explore scores & requirements for Navy jobs.Jan 1, 2022 · Air Force ASVAB Scores. To join the Air Force, candidates with a high school diploma must score 36 or higher on the AFQT. Furthermore, over 90% of those accepted for Air Force enlistment have a score of 50 or higher. When you receive a score of 50 or higher, your recruiter may request that you return. Battery (ASVAB) test, and is used to qualify current enlisted military personnel (Active or Reserve Component) for reclassification. Navy personnel may improve their qualifications for a rating conversion or other desired career options by improving their scores via AFCT retest. b. Navy personnel may retest periodically using the AFCT, According to About.com, a person who has an Armed Services Qualification Test score of 31 on the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery, or ASVAB, is qualified to join the Unit...825G, 826G, and 838A. Sailors must also have a qualifying ASVAB score (AR+MK+EI+GS≥222 or AR+MK+VE+ME≥222 or AR+MK+VE+AO≥222). Priority will be given to Sailors who currently, or have previously, worked in a converted RW billet. You must have one of the NECs listed on the Robotics Community Management page to be eligible for conversion.Learn more about the contents of the ASVAB and what your testing experience will be like. Learn about how ASVAB scores are computed and used. Learn about where you can take the ASVAB. Read tips about how to prepare to take the ASVAB. Learn more about how the computer administered ASVAB works. View actual questionsHere’s the deal. Your ASVAB score chart is important, but it’s not the be-all or end-all. It opens doors, sure—but passion, determination, and effort matter, too. The military looks for commitment and drive, not just numbers on a chart. Beyond the ASVAB Score Chart. And hey, maybe after all this, you decide the military isn’t for you.The Army converts the ASVAB subtest scores into 10 composite score areas, known as “line scores.”. The line scores determine what Army jobs an individual qualifies for. The ASVAB subtests can be found on the “ASVAB Subtests” page. Composite ASVAB scores are determined as follows: Abbr. Composite ASVAB Score.Composite scores computed from ASVAB subtest scores are used to help classify new recruits into military occupations. Each Service develops and validates its own set of composites based on the combination of subtests that are most highly correlated with on-the-job performance for clusters of occupations. Applicants’ scores on these composites ...Understanding and preparing for the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery ( ASVAB) is crucial for anyone looking to pursue a career in the U.S. military. This test, with its distinctive ten areas including arithmetic reasoning, word knowledge and mechanical comprehension, plays a critical role not only in achieving enlistment but also in ... For example, a score of 75 means your score is better than 75% of recruits who took the test. Each military branch has a minimal AFQT score required for enlisting. The following is the basic PiCAT score chart. Note that the minimum score guidelines consider your previous education as well: The Standard Score (in the far right column of the ASR above) is also called the ASVAB Composite Score. These scores are relative to the national average of young adults who took the test in your grade level. With ASVAB Standard scores, most students score between 30 and 70. This means that a standard score of 50 is an average ASVAB score, and ...Let’s say someone gets a 45 on their AFQT. That doesn’t mean they answered 45% of the questions on the ASVAB correctly. A 45 AFQT means they did as good or better than 45% of the people who took the test based on their “reference group”. Since it’s a percentile score, the AFQT is reported as a percentile between 1 and 99.Advantages of Scoring 71. Having a 71 ASVAB score has multiple benefits: Wide Range of MOS Options: A 71 score will unlock a multitude of Military Occupational Specialties (MOS) across all branches. Above Average Score: Your score is well above the average, allowing you more leverage in choosing a specialty that suits your skills.

Updated November 20, 2023. Written by Konica Stones. ASVAB Practice Test. Start Practicing. To be considered for any role within the Navy, individuals must attain a minimum score on the AFQT section of the Navy ASVAB. Minimum Navy ASVAB scores are dependent on the education level of an individual: ASVAB Practice with JobTestPrep.. Aldi deland

asvab score chart navy

The raw score calculation into a standard score goes from 1 to 100 for each subtest. The base of the standard score is the idea that a 50 is average. Next, the standard score is calculated into the composite, or line, score. For the ST score, the Army combines the WK, PC, GS, MC, and MK subtests.The Master at Arms' rating was one of the original United States Navy ratings when it was first established in 1794. The rating was then disestablished in 1921 and the responsibilities of the rating were delved out as collateral duties to other ratings. The Master-at-Arms rating is one of the original eight Chief Petty Officer ratings.The Army converts the ASVAB subtest scores into 10 composite score areas, known as “line scores.”. The line scores determine what Army jobs an individual qualifies for. The ASVAB subtests can be found on the “ASVAB Subtests” page. Composite ASVAB scores are determined as follows: Abbr. Composite ASVAB Score.To join the Navy, you must: Be between the ages of 17 and 41 for Enlisted programs. Age requirements for Officer programs vary.*. *The age requirements for joining the Navy depend on the path you take, and they exist mainly to ensure you’re able to succeed in a challenging environment. If you are not yet 18, you need parental consent to join.Instead, they combine the different subtest ASVAB scores for each enlisted rating. Navy Jobs and the Minimum Required ASVAB Scores. As previously said, the overall score of candidates joining the Navy is determined by the different test contents. The chart below is used to find the job that best suits the applicant.Preparing for the ASVAB (Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery) is crucial if you want to pursue a career in the military. One of the most effective ways to improve your score...The Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) is a crucial step towards joining the United States Navy. This standardized test assesses an individual’s knowledge and skill...ASVAB Score Conversion Chart. Raw Score AFQT Score; 0-9: 0: 10-14: 10: 15-19: 20: 20-24: 30: 25-29: 40: 30-34: 45: 35-39: 50: 40-44: 55: 45-49: 60: 50-54: 65: 55-59: 70: 60-64: 75: 65-69: 80: 70-74: 85: 75-79: 90: ... How important are ASVAB scores for military career opportunities? ASVAB scores play a significant role in determining your ...AFQT Scores. The AFQT is probably the most important ASVAB score you get in the test.. The scores you get from only four of the ASVAB subtests are combined to calculate one general raw score. Then, your AFQT raw score is translated into a percentile score between 1 to 99. This tells you how well you did on the AFQT compared to a base group …The ASVAB raw score is calculated by adding the word knowledge score twice, the paragraph comprehension score twice, the arithmetic reasoning score and the mathematics knowledge sc...Understanding and preparing for the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery ( ASVAB) is crucial for anyone looking to pursue a career in the U.S. military. This test, with its distinctive ten areas including arithmetic reasoning, word knowledge and mechanical comprehension, plays a critical role not only in achieving enlistment but also … The Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) is a multiple-aptitude battery that measures developed abilities and helps predict future academic and occupational success in the military. It is administered annually to more than one million military applicants, high school, and post-secondary students. Keep in mind that the ASVAB Test Score we have included here is the minimum aggregate score you need to get if you choose to pursue a career in any of these Navy jobs. Enter Your ASVAB Test Score To See Navy Jobs You Qualify For. 1. Aerographer’s Mate (AG) An Aerographer’s Mate at work. Image: wikimedia.org.The Gap-owned retailer is changing how it sells its larger-sized apparel, but women will still have to pay extra. By clicking "TRY IT", I agree to receive newsletters and promotion...According to About.com, a person who has an Armed Services Qualification Test score of 31 on the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery, or ASVAB, is qualified to join the Unit...Air Force ASVAB Required Score. You will receive standard Air Force ASVAB scores for each of the subtests, an AFQT score, and composite scores. The minimum overall score for high school seniors or graduates to qualify for the Air Force is a 36 AFQT; GED holders must score a 50 AFQT. Although the ASVAB tests you on knowledge you would have ....

Popular Topics